General Giap Essay Example for Free

ecumenical Giap EssayGeneral Vo Nguyen Giap is perhaps the most important figure in the early history of communist Vietnam with the exception of Ho chi Minh. General Giaps skills and expertise of were an essential element of the cut defeat in 1954. However General Giap cannot be held alone responsible, the political skills of Ho Chi Minh (the leader of the Viet Minh independence movement) cannot be underestimated. There were many reasons for the French defeat in Vietnam, abundant mistakes were made and the Viet Minh were lead by two of the greatest leaders of the 20th century. Giap rchestrated the defeat of the French and was particularly important in the battle of Dien Bien Phu. Ho Chi Minh was an experienced revolutionary and impassioned nationalist infatuated by a single goal independence for his country. He was a central fgure in the movement to free Asia from the restraints of colonialism. Ho Chi Minh was ultimately working towards the liberation of Vietnam from Frenc h colonial rule and unity of views between the army and the lot. Ho Chi Minh was a founding member of the Indochinese commie Party (ICP).The goals of the ICP included the overthrow of the French establishment of an independent Vietnam uled by a peoples government help people in production, anti-literacy, sanitation and disease prevention. General Giap was the Commander and Defence Minister of North Vietnam from 1944-1980 and was an integral component in the unravelling of French control in Vietnam. Previously, on the outbreak of World War II, Giap fled to mainland China to Join Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh, which led to the formation of the Vietnamese Independence League, abbreviated to Viet Minh.In 1945, armed propaganda teams under Giaps curb became the Peoples Liberation Army. Subsequently in 1945, Giap served as interior minister in Ho Chi Minhs revolutionary government created to defeat the French. Giaps strength lay as a military commander and his scrupulous atten tion to organisation, which were vital elements in the French d professfall. The Vietnamese opposition to the French began almost as soon as the French began to rule. The Vietnamese traditionally have resisted foreigners.Their defeat of China previously gave them a reputation of being one of the most feared nations in South eastbound Asia, meaning that it took the French an extended amount of time to gain overall control. Prior to the 20th century, resistance to the French was constant and violent. The resistance was traditional and localised, involving insulate attacks which were easily contained by the French. Further much, World War One gave impetus and momentum to the growth of nationalism, the strong wish for growth, freedom and independence of ones country and patriotism for Vietnam.many Vietnamese men were forced to serve in France during WW1 and those who returned brought with them the revolutionary concept of nationalism and as a result the nature of the resistance change d to a more national approach rather than regionally focussed. Additionally, in 1905, Japan became the first Asian mightiness in modern times to efeat a European power during a large naval battle. The Vietnamese determination and motivation were boosted, demonstrating that they could potentially defeat the French, one ot the most intluential European powers at the time.Following the reoccupation of Indochina by the French at the end of World War Two, the Viet Minh rebelled against the French and this became known as the first Indochinese war. French lack of knowledge of Vietnamese geography made it delicate for them to defend themselves. The army trained the people in guerrilla tactics that were highly successful as they were unlike any approach in the horse opera world. The unpredictable nature of the guerrilla tactics also minimised the losses of the Viet Minhs army, making it stronger.The French army began to wear down, decreasing the mens morale and eventually leading to an easier fght for the Viet Minh. ab initio the French underestimated Vietnamese ability unbeknown to the French they were numerically disadvantaged with 13000 Frenchmen fghting a 35000 strong Viet Minh Peoples Army. Prior to the war it was acknowledged that Ho Chi Minhs master copy name, Nguyen Tat Thanh, was widely known as many people had heard that he had been a ajor supporter of peasants and workers rights, who in turn supported him.This meant that if he unavoidable a place to hide, the local peasants happily helped, making the Viet Minh virtually untraceable. The widespread support of Ho Chi Minh also meant that people trusted the movement towards independence and nationalism giving the Viet Minh the political edge over the French. Back in France, the French public were beginning to realise that the conflict in Vietnam was not charge the effort therefore support for the conflict was lessening. In addition, the Vietnamese determination and strength could not be matched by the French the Viet Minh had ne thing that the French did not, a goal.The Viet Minh and Giap had learnt invaluable lessons from previous conflicts and mistakes, whereas the French had not. Dien Bien Phu was the longest confrontation and most furious battle of the French Expeditionary Corps. It was the final undoing of the French. In 1953, as both sides prepared for peace talks in the Indochina War, French military commanders selected Dien Bien Phu as the location for a fght with the Viet Minh. Viet Minh guerrillas and troops from the Peoples Army of Vietnam surrounded Dien Bien Phu during the build up of the garrisons.The Viet Minh concealed artillery and supplies in camouflaged caves on the mountain face. The Viet Minhs initial assault on the French almost immediately proved the vulnerability and flaw defence of the French. The French supplies and weapons were flown in by plane however, this usually led to the shelling of the aircraft. The Viet Minh used local peasants to bring in sup plies and weaponry, through dense forests, an approach the French had written off as impassable. As source A suggests The Army established a good relationship with the people and relied on the people to fight and defeat the enemy.Giap used the element of surprise by skilfully employing supporting operations which deceived the French. Giap easily identified the Frenchs critical vulnerability and used their mistakes to his own advantage. The work of a great strategist. One crucial decision that Giap made was when he moved his own headquarters to the Dien Bien Phu battle site. This allowed him to personally oversee the conflict, and build up confusion or misunderstandings straight away. General Giap was able to carefully dictate time and place engagements throughout his meticulously planned operation. The heavy

Evangelism and my Christian walk Essay Example for Free

Evangelism and my the Naz atomic number 18neian walk Es takeEvangelism is a passion of mine and this semester has helped me to develop more as a person and strengthen my passion for evangelism. unremarkably when you hear the article Evangelism most of the time, you forget start to fear because of rejection. During my Christian walk, abouttimes I create experienced the fear of rejection as it restores to Evangelism. However, this semester has taught me not to fear. Evangelism is stand up up for your faith even if everyone else remains seated 1(Earley and Wheeler p. 32). This semester I have learned and developed new perceptions and ch completelyenges closely evangelism, which has ch totallyenged my way of thinking. At graduation exercise glance, when you hear or see the word evangelism you immediately think about sharing the gospel and that is true.That is only one quit of Evangelism because listening is very principal(prenominal) as well. This has caused me to think d ifferently about Evangelism because now I understand how important it is to listen to pack while witnessing. Evangelism can be challenging exclusively the way I look at it now is that I have a part in fulfilling the great commission at all cost. Evangelism is about relationship building that involves changing a person ability to trust and receive the gospel. This course has reminded me that Evangelism does not come without great sacrifice. It requires you putting forth bm and work to share gospel with soul that does not believe.Anytime you deal with people and sharing the gospel you have to be patient. It has challenged me to become an effective witness for Christ because as I grow spiritually it is a reflection of Christ. This semester has reminded me that there has to be a balance between the incar raceal and information Apologetics. Many people say that Christians are hypocrites because their lifestyle does not line up with what they are professing. My lifestyle should reflec t what I am professing in my Christian walk. The scripture tells us in James 123-24 and it says 23 For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man eyesight his natural face in a glass24 For he beholdeth himself, and goeth his way, and straightway forgetteth what manner of man he was. 2Therefore, many times people will not pick up a bible and read it but they will look at my lifestyle of a Christian. As you go by a course like this, it will cause you to look within to see if you are doing your part to help further the Kingdom of graven image. This semester has challenged me in so many ways to seek God more than ever and pay closer attention to the needs of others. God has called each one of us to bed cover the gospel whether it is in the workplace, community or other matterries.Sometimes we forget the importance of evangelism and just leave it to the Pastor or other ministers. However, as part of the body of Christ, I have to be willing to hold myself ac countable and be willing to meet the needs of others. Learning to love people where they are is very important and this course has showed me that I have to go where the needs are. Evangelism is investing your time to minister to others and there is a great reward beholding mortal gives their life to Jesus. At times, I have taken the need to listen to others for granted but listening is important to the lost. Never underestimate the affair of listening in building an evangelistic relationship,3 (Earley and Wheeler, p. 123).The scripture teaches us in James 119 Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath. 4Through this course, I have found that barriers can hinder you from being effective in consideration evangelism.As it relates to my Christian walk, I have found that I have to confront those barriers that hinder me in my serving. Sometimes we can think we are super Christians and do not have any problems or need help. Nevertheless , it is a good idea to be transparent to those that do not believe and let them know you can relate to them and love them where they are. This semester has beena revelation for me in my spiritual walk and building relationships with others. I have taken what I have learned in this phase to bless others and encourage them that they can make it because God loves them. During the times of witnessing and handmaiden hood, I have found so, many people that just want someone to listen and love them. My perception of people has swopd because now I feel that I am more compassionate now, rude(a) to the needs of others, humble, loving, and willing to be servant.My Vision for EvangelismMy vision for evangelism is denying self to serve and be reflection of Jesus as I minister and love others. I would like those attributes to be a part of my daily life and walk in the fruit of the Spirit so, that other people will feel the love of God. I have gained so much knowledge from this course that I can take what I have learned and apply it in my own life to become a better person and to help others. In my Christian walk, my vision is to look for ways to be a blessing to others and to make an impact in my family and community. Also, ministering the word of faith thereby, changing mindsets and lives. Therefore, to help equip the believer so that it will cause them to live according to the word of God. However, there are a a couple of(prenominal) changes I feel that I need to make in my life to be more effective as a witness for Christ. Some of the changes accept reading the word of God more, seeking Gods way, being obedient, and trusting God.I can make an impact in my family by living the word of God before them and loving people where they are. Sometimes reaching your family can be hard but I believe that if I will be sensitive to the leading of the holy Spirit and trust God, I can make a difference in their life. Evangelism is a way of life for me and it is priceless. I cou nt it an honor to take part in what God is doing in some else life because at some point I was where they were. I remember that someone took time out to witness to me and let me know that there is hope in Jesus. Therefore, I am thankful to God for allowing me another opportunity to change and get on the right course.Role as a servantServant hood is about demonstrating the character and qualities of God. Taking on the rawness of servant requires unselfishness, not looking for promotion or pay, honors God, and reflects Jesus. My role as a servantrequires humilty, sacrifice and it breathes the very heart of God. We can consider the humblest servant of all Jesus despised, mocked, and rejected. Serving can be hard but it means I am putting Gods plans and purpose above my own. Being a servant can affect my ministry in so, many ways by having these characteristics making myself available to God to serve, do what is needed, even when it is inconvenient, see interruptions as an opportunity to radiation diagram serving others, pay close attention to the needs of others, and no task is beneath me. The scripture says in Matthew 2311-12, 11 but he that is sterling(prenominal) among you shall be your servant.12 and whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted.5My attitude as a servant will determine how I see things and the potentiality of my servant hood.You should be able to identify a servant with Jesus because of the lifestyle he or she lives. Another important Characteristic of a servant is that I need to be open and teachable and sharing the gospel with joy. True ministry to others, ministry that was modeled by Jesus Christ, requires you to minister as a servant6 (Leach and Wheeler, p.5) A servant must have a willingness and desire to serve so, do not miss an opportunity to serve and provide some immediate patronage for someone else. Many hurting people need what God has placed inside of you so you can be a blessi ng to others.Vision for prospective ministryGod has placed some abilities in me that I can contribute to ministry, community and the marketplace. My future vision is to teach and empower believers in the state, surrounding areas and the nation in making disciples for Christ. I must lead by example in order to make disciples and it should be the responsibility of everyone to make disciples. I depict more unity in the body of Christ so we can make an impact as we allow the Holy Spirit to change peoples heart and mind. The Scripture teaches us to tell others about Jesus Christ. In addition, while sharing the gospel is wonderful, it is simply not enough. We should continue to encourage and invest in new believers because many do not know where to begin to seek God. Evangelism will always be a part of my ministry and should be for other ministries as well. The way I look at evangelism is that if we stop evangelizing then the church stops growing both spiritually and naturally.God has c ommanded each of us to be a witness for him and we should not hesitate at this opportunityto do his will. Some of my plans for evangelism include going out in the community and building relationships with people and lead them to Jesus. I would like to start a small group that will meet on a regular basis and have a nice fellowship but encourage each other. Sharing the gospel requires us loving as Christ has commanded us to do. I believe I have to stay focus on what God has given me to do. Most people are busy but not effective due to a lack of focus. Therefore, I cannot let someone else negative opinions of me become my reality. That is very important in evangelism because you may not always be received everyone all the time but I must stay focused.In the book Family to Family, it put emphasis on the family and individuals developing their relationship with Christ through some basic principles such as spending time alone with God, prayer life, studying the word of God, accountabilit y, and discipleship (Pipes and Lee, p.13)7 In conclusion, evangelism is a joyful experience, telling the good intelligence service meeting people and helping them exchange their religion for a relationship with Jesus. It is my desire to spread the gospel with a passion to reach the lost with trustfulness and love. I believe as I continue to follow Jesus and be humble I can make a lasting result on someone. I truly, have been blessed by taking this class and interacting with my classmates.BibliographyEarley, Dave, and David Wheeler. Evagelism ISHow to Share Jesus with Passion and Confidence. Nashville, Tennessee BH Academic Publishing Group, 2010. Fay, William, and Linda Evans Shepherd. Share Jesus Without Fear. Nashville, Tennessee BH PublishingGroup, 1984. KJV Holy Biblbe. Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan, 1987.Leach, Richard, and David A. Wheeler. Minister To Others. Nashville, Tennessee LifeWay Press, 2009. McRaney Jr., Will. The Art of Personal Evangelism Sharing Jesus In A C haging Culture. Nashville, Tennessee BH Publishing Group, 2003. Pipes, Jerry Dr., and Victor Lee. Family to Family Leaving A Lasting Legacy. Lawrenceville,Georgia Jerry Pipes Productions, 1999.

Prevention of disease

Prevention of illnessIntroductionPrevention of any malady causing agent at livestock rear by managemental mechanisms and operations is known as biosecurity.Due to increased incidence of many foreign and emerging diseases such(prenominal) as FMD and Avian Influenza has made it of major concern. Biosecurity is basic phenomena in disease prevention at produce. there are many featureors that contri exclusivelye towards disease at livestock farm .Their list includesFarm attendorsVeterinarians themselvesRegulatory personnelDead stock collectorsFriendsall of these should understand the importance of biosecurity. if any one of these does non aware of biosecurity he will ultimately contribute to make himself and animal vulnerable to disease.May be it is possible that a person carrying infection visit multiple farms in one day and may effect other farms .As a result of which the disease nominate spread in whole country. So today there is need to develop certain mechanisms and operatio ns to minimize the chances of disease occurance .and this can be done with the help of qualified and experiences staff at farm which include farm manager ,farm supervisors, nutrition and extension specialists, Because various problems in practical implementation for prevention of disease are due to the fact that majority of livestock farms are managed by illiterate and ignorant persons who ignore the basic principles of biosecurity and sanitation .improper sanitation provides the ideal environment to bacteria, parasites ,viruses and fungi and provide aegis to germs. Proper sanitation identify the causes of all preventable diseases and make all those causes ineffective to spread diseases .By this animal can live in the favorable conditions of intent with provision of clean water, good ventilation and well sanitize sheds.There are four basic steps in prevention of disease.Proper inoculationDetection of diseaseRemoval of intermediate hostsControl meseaure for infectious diseaseDiseas e results from the intervention of infectious agent in the farm in outs and farm outputs. Farm inputs includes the health of animal , housing hygiene ,feed and water hygiene .farm out puts includes the farm visitors, furious life and visiting vehicles .Farm input and outputs both should be keep backled for prevention of disease.Whenever there is breakage in biosecurity process the infectious agent infects animal which sheds agent in environment (foods, water, housing) and ultimately make animal susceptible to disease .It is shown in following plat,Biosecurity increases the death rate of germs, reducing chance of infection . Bioseurity not only prevent disease in this way but also enhances the prevention by sanitation of farm premises ,by maintaining close herd and by killing the natural and mechanical carrier of disease .Bioseurity helps us to prevent the disease causing agents inside the farm and stops them to enter at farm but one thing keep in psyche that close observation and biosecurity measures should be adopted at constant basis.Biosecurity platformFor prevention of disease an effective Biosecurity plan and its accurate implementation is needed at farm. Biosecurity plan limits the chances of disease occurance. It prevents pathogens from entering through different routes of transmission.Biosecurity can be broken through any of following routes shown in diagram below.A biosecurity plan consists of isolation, traffic control and sanitation.At first isolate animal according to age and production. Isolate sick animals for at least one month and they should be separately feeded. They should be properly vaccinated according to appropriate vaccination programme to produce immunity against infectious diseases. Basic purpose of isolation is to control the visitors minimize contact between disease and healthy animals. New animals should pass through process of quarantine remember that new animal are superior risk to biosecurity.Secondly control the visitors a nd vehicles that routinely visit your farm .Only concerned visitors should be allowed to visit farm. They should be properly dressed up get ining coveralls and chewing gum boots. Vehicles should be properly cleaned and disinfected in front entrance. Vehicles should be free of any unwanted material that can cause disease.Adequate fencing should be provided for protection of animals against wild life and neighboring herds.Lastly ensure sanitation at livestock farm. Sanitation minimizes the effects of infectious agents by adapting hygienic practices and maintaining health status of animal. raise proper lightning and ventilation in animal sheds. Clean bedding should also provided .Adopt all the sanitary conditions to ensure a healthy calf at birth. dear hygienic conditions for young animal are important in both safeguarding health and future profit .Sanitation should be carried out in all aspects including farm equipments, farm employee, farm visiting vehicles. Milking should be do ne in hygienic environment .both milking man and milk collecting utensils should be clean. Teats should be dipped on a regular basis and do not handle udder with dry hand because it will lead to chapping of udder.Disinfection is process to kill all bacteria and parasites with the help of specific compounds. Disinfection should be thoroughly carried out. Before disinfection a thorough cleaning of building is necessary to facilitate disinfection. Instruments (hoof knives, clippers, dehorners) are main source of cross contamination so, should be disinfected before and after use. There should be separate instruments that are to be used on disease and healthy animals. As the infectious agents are very itsy-bitsy and they become indefinite in dust, cracks and crevices and surfaces of buildings .so, disinfection should be done with extreme care and attention to kill all the life threatening bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral agents. At a limited area disinfectant can be applied with h elp of brush while for a large area disinfectant can be applied by spraying on that area. Some disinfectants are extremely irritating to eyes and skin so person applying disinfectant should wear gloves to protect skin and goggles to protect eyes.Disinfectants commonly available in market are pyodine (iodine), parachlorometoxylenol (dettole), methylated spirit, and carbolic acid or phenol. They are available in low cost. Some insecticides are also available that are applied externally to kill ticks, mites and fleas on animal body. These include coal tar, petroleum and nicotine.Employee clothes should be continuously washed with detergents.. In addition to disinfectant the sanitizer can also increase death rate of infectious agents and decrease their population. A sanitizer kills near 99.9 percent of all bacteria, fungi and viruses.Disinfectants are classified into three types sunlight ,heat(hot air, steam, fire) and chemical disinfectants .Chemical disinfectants are further classif ied into three types compounds (pot.permnganate), alkalies(pot.hydrooxide,limesoln) and acids(boric acids, carbolic acids).classification of disinfectants is shown below in diagramConclusionBiosecurity is an important step towards the prevention of disease before its occurance as prevention is better than cure .Biosecurity play a significant role in production of healthy and profitable livestock.

Sustainable Development And Its Definitions

Sustainable Development And Its DefinitionsSustainable using was defined by (Brundtland, 1987) as a increase which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need. Economists generally accepted and supported Brundtland definition of sustainable study. Pearce barbier (blueprint for Sustainable Economy, 2000) also defines sustainable development as development that last. They also said that future generations should be entitled to at least the same level of economic well-being as is currently available to the present generation. It can also be defined as meeting tender-hearted fundamental needs while preserving the life-support systems of the satellite Earth. This is a scientific perspective on the sustainable development relation between nature and society.The main pillars of sustainable development atomic number 18stinting developmentSocial development andEnvironmental developmentThe United Nations 2005 World Summi t Outcome Document refers the above pillars as the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development. on that point has been an indigenous controversy over the main pillars of sustainable development through various International assemblys such as United Nation Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Conversion of Biological Diversity that thither are four pillars of sustainable development which they called the fourth one , Cultural development. in like manner, The Universal announcement on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further detailed the concept by saying that the cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature.This essentially becomes one of the roots of development understood non simply in terms of economic growth, tho also as a means to compass a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. The universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity stated that Cultural diversity is the fo urth insurance policy area of sustainable development.This image represents the schemes of sustainable development. Source (Wikipedia encyclopedia on Sustainable Development).Barriers to achieving sustainable development in create countries.Sustainable development has been widely promoted as a holisticconcept which aims or targets to integrate social, economicand cultural policies to condition high-quality growth.However, there are barriers combating the execution of instrument of sustainable development in developing countries. These barriers areEconomic / financial barriersSocial barriersPolitical barriershuman immunodeficiency virus and Injecting Drug usePoor monitoring and evaluation systeminstitutional barriersCultural barriersTrade barriersPoverty and ailmentClimate changeEconomic and financial barriersEconomists observed that the dominating development manikin tends to focus on economic growth as precedence kinda than peoples rights or welfare, and surroundingsal pro cesses and limits. Various contributors supported economic growth coming first in developing countries, especially least-developed countries (LDCs), and concluded that investment in environmental protection should be left to a later stage of development, essentially accepting environmental degradation to meet immediate needs. In other words, there was a controversy by otherresearchers saying that the future generations ability to enjoy an acceptable standard of living would be on shambles if receivable attention were not immediately paid to social and environmental aspects as well as economic. This they said requires shift in the worldview from treating the environment as phonation of the economy to treating the economy as part of the environment strategically this means the economy should be adapted to ensure environmental services are maintained. both(prenominal)(prenominal) contributors recommended developed capitalist societies to act quickly to become more sustainable. Othe r researchers underscored the imperative for developing countries not to follow the western models of unsustainable development.Three basic constraints to support sustainable development (SD) areCompeting priorities for limited resources, particularly in LDCsUndelivered pledges made at the outside(a) conferences to finance SD.Externalities, such as increased oil prices, conflict, and immanent disasters that alter the development priorities of many countries.Initiatives to overcome economic and financial barriersIn other to achieve economic growth without threatening social development and environmental resources, new and different vehicles for growth must be oriented to different country situations.Governments should be responsible for market-led problems with incentive for the private sector to become problem-solvers, and not polluters.There is need to shift the incentive and motivating structure for farmers around the world. Policies makers should promote agricultural productio n that is based on significantly higher chore inputs per area and significantly more diverse production streams.There is need to reform the calculation of economic growth and remotion of weapons-related cost from GDP would add a strong indication of relative spending toward sustainable development to politicians.Justifying the need to abandon linear system of industrial production based on total exploitation of natural resources, over production, and waste generation in favor of a circular system of production using clean technologies and the emptying of waste resources.Social barriersPopulation growth, paired with unsustainable consumption and production patterns among the wealthy, are the biggest social challenges to achieving sustainable development in the world and developing countries. Absent of a significant change in human way, sustainability will not be potential. There are other social barriers which areThe marginalization of the poor and secure inequitiesLimited aware ness about sustainable developmentEnvironmental issues among both politicians and the wider public fragmented courtly societyInadequate interaction between civil society and governmentInsufficient incentives to for the private sector to pursue sustainable developmentInitiatives to overcome the social barriers.Need for stronger policies to address income disparity and population growth.The introduction of programmes to take in awareness and build capableness in the field of sustainable development among the general public can assist to the change in behavior and lifestyle that is needed to achieve sustainability.Efforts to increase scientific expertness will take place inwardly a context of different funding patterns (which involves large-hearted foundations, business, and governmental and intergovernmental bodies), environmental concerns, and research orientations.Governments must foster their relationships with NGOs and other civil society organizations. Also , civil society must take on a great role in policy making and implementation. Participation of civil society in social programmes and related decision making process would ensure accountability this will help in creating condition for receiving financial aid or UN assistance.Concrete partnership among national and local anaesthetic governments, the grassroots, private sector, civil society and development actors should be developed.Political barriersInadequate economic, social and environmental methods for policies, plans and projects are the major barrier combating the implementation of sustainable development in developing world. Researchers believed that governments are stuck in the old development paradigm ,emphasizing economic growth and believing that industrial countries have made no significant effort to change their patterns in production and consumption, thereby threatening global resources. To meet sustainable development objectives requires genuine political and institutional will at all levels of government in all countries, developed and developing.Nevertheless, Corruption, ineffective government and weak inactive law enforcement are hindrances to achieving genuine sustainability. Moreover, lack of information and relevant data availability, limited capacity of policy and decision-makers were identified as reasons for the limited cooperation of governments.The outcome of the discussion by the World Summit on Sustainable Development that was held in South Africa in 2002 was that sustainable development has not been able to evolve out of its environmental roots and that greater focus on climate change may be pulling the issue towards a purer environmental direction rather than integrating sustainable development perspective. They also warned that SD is being replaced by climate change on the political agenda, leaving the rest of the sustainable development agenda forgotten.Lack of coordination to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development has been a major challenge at all levels. At the global level, the United Nations failed to join together its efforts to promote a genuinely sustainable development. Campaigns for integrating many factors are themselves not harmonized, but try to meet different purposes at different times. It was noted that the sectionalized climb to the MDGs has dissolved the broader context of development, and MDG 7 on sustainable development has been largely omit in favor of other goals rather than being a basis for achieving the rest of the MDGs. More consistent policies to support SD are needed at the international level, including within the United Nations system.At the regional level, regional agreements on SD and mechanisms for their implementation are not stable. There was an agreement that, at national level, a multi-disciplinary approach to governance is needed rather than the persisting tendency for different line ministries, departments and agencies to act without a clear frame doing for coord ination across sectors. Sectorial systems of governance create and perpetuate silo thinking and behavior. It was observed that there is basically no effective national forum for strategic planning on pro-poor economic growth, social development, environment and climate change for developing countries. For instance, inCentral Asia, it was noted that few countries have policies linking environment, poverty, trade and social development, that few environmental policies target equity or poverty issues, and wellness policies are still mainly formulated in isolation without blending to related sectors. Also at the institutional level, responsibility for the implementation of sustainable development is generally assigned to the Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency or the tantamount, which traditionally receive little attention and a insufficient budget. Environmental agency would ascend it difficult to take a balanced approach to economic growth, social development an d environmental protection.Poor society involvement was noted as a final major political barrier to achieving sustainable development goals. A top-down approach by centralized authorities often imposes projects and programmes on local governments.Moreover, policy making and implementation does not take into consideration the grassroots need or involve the lower levels of government.Initiatives to overcome political barrierIn combating political barrier, sustainable development strategies must be streamlined, but also applied with more severity.The need for environmental institutions to blend and work with other (non-environmental) institutions. Also all ministries must cooperate and work together to achieve an integrated sustainable development for their countries.Stringent efforts should be directed to encroach structural problems that wrench both developmental and environmental prospects by focusing on key injustices, notably in trade, environment and climate change.There should be an analytical work on advanced financing for SD. Poverty and environment linkages must be undertaken to further incorporate economic, social and environmental factors.Basic components like sensitization of political leaders, private sector involvement, and participation of local communities need to be concrete in developmental approach. Capacity-building is also necessary across the board. relegate in sustainable developmental goals involves strong, innovation-driven science and technology policies.HIV and Injecting Drug UsePoverty and disease in relation to HIV and Drug Use frustrates the implementation of sustainable development in many developing countries.In many developing countries, HIV epidemics between injecting drug users (IDUs) are preceding larger epidemics in the broader population. that recent expansion of responses, within individual countries, these tend to be several years behind the pace and scale of the actual epidemic. These are factors closely united to dev elopment.The current policy environment makes it difficult for community-based programmes to prevent HIV between injecting drug users.Deficiency in policy dialogue between sectors of government responsibility for reactions to HIV and drug useThere is an economic, social and political breakdown which leads to increase in drug injecting, needle sharing and, consequently HIV.Inadequate community capacity, in terms of skills, resources and experience to suffice to HIV among IDUs.Injecting drug users, especially women, being demonized for their drug use, rather than supported, placing them at particular risk of both human rights abuses and HIV infectionDonor agencies and countries alike failing to recognize the long-term threat to development posed by HIV and injecting drug use.Initiatives to overcome HIV and Injecting Drug UseUNDP and partner agencies, especially UNAIDS and UNDCP, are in a unique and appropriate position to take the lead in the planning and implementation of responses in the following areasPolicy dialogue and reformProgramme development and monitoringCreating awareness and understanding of the development implications of HIV and IDUPowering community capacity to respondAddressing gender considerationsResponding to legal , ethical and human right issuesAlso there is need to implement the MDGs in all developing countries especially on bring down poverty and ensuring good health.Poor monitoring and evaluation systemsA basic problem is lack of specific targets (globally, nationally and at local level), measurement and data to track progress, resulting in a lack of information available to decision-makers. It is suggested for strengthening monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development strategies in order to establish a dynamic improvement process, with an objective of increasing their effectiveness. It is recommended that governments should turn up deeper and assess the socio-economicimpacts of developmental projects, rather thanthe outcomealo ne.Initiatives to overcome poor monitoring and evaluation systemsCo-ordination of data within which the vast amount of data can be easily accessed.Countries specific knowledge bases are needed to guide decision making. This is a comprehensive mechanism for monitoring the outcomes of interventions that feeds into subsequent planning processes.National research and development systems need to be strengthened, as well as south-south and south-north knowledge sharing and management.Institutional barriersInstitutional barriers as a result of lack of institutional experience to operate all the mechanism of elective system has been combating and frustrating sustainable development in many developing countries. Since the end of the civil war, developing countries have made a striking movement towards democratic capitalism as the operative model of governance. Moreover in making that transition, many countries discovered that they lack institutional experience to operate all the mechanism o f democratic system. They discovered that they have neer witness free and fair elections with a full ballot of candidates from multiple parties. In other hand, they were not prepared to run a parliament, also not prepared to have journalists and broadcasters looking at the problems of government in a very public way.Initiatives to overcome institutional barrierGenerating enough scientific capacity and institutional support in developing countries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to the multiple stresses arising from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental system.USAID and other governmental donors have facilitated institutional building to help these countries to help these countries fix all the mechanism operating in an open democratic society.Sponsoring democratic programs, introducing new approaches to crisis management and conflicts analysis to assist opposing parties in resolving their peacefully and within the framework that a democratic syst em provides.Trade barriers basically developing countries find the EUs strict food safety requirements disruptive to trade. In addition to sanitary standards, new technical product specifications and industrial norms might obturate the exports of developing countries .The EU introduced a series of directives varying from technical specifications for cars, weighing machines and toys, to the compulsory labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), eggs and voluntary eco-labels. In addition to lodge standards, there are regulations at the member-state level.However the level to which this continual flow of new standards helps to restrict imports from developing countries is not properly known. It is clear, however, that WTO notification leads to protests by developing countries .Some of the developing countries expressed their concern, regarding new EU directives on discarded electronic apparatuses proposed by the Commission in 2000Initiatives to overcome trade barriersTrade lib eralization including the removal of existing distortion in international trade must be pursued to support sustainable development policies in developing countries.Sustainable development requires a dynamic international economy and an open, equitable, secure, non-discriminatory and predictable multilateral trading system to support sound domestic economic and environmental policies in both developed and developing countries.Trade and environment should be reciprocally supportive in the pursuit of sustainable development.ConclusionIn achieving sustainable development, the 3pillars of SD should be integrated. distribute in sustainability will require fostering problem -driven , interdisciplinary research building capacity for research creating coherent system of research planning , in operation(p) monitoring , assessment , and application and providing reliable long term financial support. The need to generate adequate scientific capacity and institutional support in developing cou ntries is particularly urgent as they are most vulnerable to multiple stresses that arise from rapid, simultaneous changes in social and environmental systems.REFERENCESAchieving Sustainable Development, an e-journal of the U.S incision of State.April 2002, volume 1, Num 1.Barbier, E.,1987.The Concept of Sustainable Economic Development.Environmental Conservation, 14(2)101-110Promoting trade for sustainable development by UNCTAD Secretariat (www.unctad.org/en/docs/tdxibp10_en.pdf)Pearce, D., A. Markandya and E. Barbier,1989.Blueprint for a green economy,Earthscan, London, Great BritainUNDP, 2006. Making Progress on environmental sustainability. Lessons and recommendations from a review of over 150 MDG country experiences (www.undp.org/fssd/report)Summary of e -discussion on achieving sustainable development, April 2008. (http//www.undg.org/docs/8885/eDiscussion-on-Achieving-Sustainable-Development.htm)Sustainability science , science 292.5517 (April 27 ,2001)p 641.Working together towards SD (http//www.oecdwash.org/DATA/DOCS/working_together.pdf)World Summit Outcome Document 2005,World Health Organization, 15 September 2005

Looking At The Behavioral Methods Of Social Work Social Work Essay

Looking At The Behavioral Methods Of accessible achievement mixer Work EssayThe aim of this assignment is to envision how a Social Worker would apply a behavioral Method as an understanding and intervention on the case study supplied. I will do this by explaining what Behavioural Social Work is, how it is used in practice, how it meets the needs of the service user and identify personal challenges along the way. I will give to challenge my own views and ideals on the service user, and how these can be challenged for Anti-Oppressive Practice.Most of what makes us truly human, most of what makes us individuals quite than clones, most of what gives us a discernible personality made up of characteristic patterns of demeanor, emotion and cognition is the result of learning (Sheldon and McDonald, 2008). The Behavioural Perspective focuses on the individual and the relationship surrounded by stimuli in an environment and how it determines behaviour with learning (Westen, 2001). This is to a fault how Behavioural Social Work is executed, by foc apply on behaviour that is observable and changeable. comparable other forms of well-disposed kick the bucket methods it has been adopted from other disciplines, and in particular Psychology, provided has been adapted to achieve measured outcomes and utile practice for Social Work (Watson and West, 2006).There are four main Theories that are germane(predicate) and used in Behavioural Social WorkThe first behavioral theory is answerer Conditioning, first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, who used experiments on dogs to disc everywhere how to condition a response afterwards the presence of a certain stimuli has been removed.The second major behavioural theorist is B.F Skinner and his Operant Conditioning, he observed that the behaviour of organisms can be controlled by environmental consequences that either increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the equivalentlihood of the behaviour occurring (Westen, 2001). He cl aimed that the outcome of behaviour was voluntary and goal directed, and always controlled by the consequences the behaviour would lead to.The next behavioural theory identified is Social Learning Theory, which extends behavioural ideas and claims that most learning is gained by copying others around them, rather than them being reinforced as skinner claimed. That behaviour is shaped by observing others and interpreting it (Payne, 1997).The fourth behavioural theory is Cognitive Learning Theory and was introduced by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck in the 1960s, this is a theory that focuses on the way muckle perceive, process and retrieve information (Westen, 2001). A perception of the environment from previous experience.It was during the 1980s that Social Work adopted behavioural theory as a method of working with service users, part of the reason for this was the ability of the theory to achieve realistic outcomes (Watson and West, 2006). The learning theory used in mixer work is a combination between all four theories listed above Respondent Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, The Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Learning. These are used to alter the social player to observe behaviour and hence intervene appropriately (Watson and West, 2006). The importance of behavioural social work is that the behaviour is learned and can therefore be unlearned. Cognitive learning theory focuses on this specifically and its engagement with cognitive processes which produce thoughts and feelings (Sheldon, 1995). Behavioural social work allows the service user to switch and change their behaviour through a process of reinforcement, both positive and negative, to produce a likeliness of a wanted behaviour occurring (Watson and West, 2006).There check been criticisms of this form of social work as it rents deciding what chemical formula behaviour is. This may lead to discriminatory and oppressive practice, as a perception of normal behaviour can come from a range o f sources, such as, personal and professional values (Trevithick, 2000). Another criticism is that the social worker may be seen as having significant power in deciding a future for the service user, which may in turn lead to further problems. To overcome these criticisms for an emotive and constructive service for users, social workers render to be aware of empowering skills to help the service user help themselves. Informed consent and active participation is in any case a significant part of behavioural social work (Watson and West, 2006).How is Behavioural Social Work Used in Practice?Some of the reasons a behavioural method was chosen for intervention is because it mainly targets problem solving, and anger management, which are some of the problems faced by the family in the case study.The first peg of Behavioural Social Work is the process of Assessment. This will begin by identifying the service users problem(s) (Howe, 1998). It not only identifies the problem behaviour, but how it manifested to begin with, and what can be do to change it.The first stage of assessment and intervention is to establish the behaviour to work with (Watson and West, 2006). Within the case study, the problem is the behaviour of Jake who is increasingly violent and assertive towards his parents and siblings. To establish the intensity and occurrence of his aggression it should be recorded and written down. This will provide clarity and understanding of the nature of the violence, which person(s) are present when he does it and what are the consequences of his behaviour (Watson and West, 2006) The problem behaviour has to be described in terms that are observable and measureable (Howe, 1998). To ensure an accurate documentation of behaviour, partnership should be used with the parents and social worker for empowerment (Watson and West, 2006). A contact either written or verbal can be useful in establishing aims and goals for sessions, and an general aim for behaviour (Ho we, 1998).Operant conditioning is one of the main theories used in Behavioural Social Work this is put into practice by the first principle Assessment, which uses the identification of Antecedents, Behaviour and Consequences to help shape wanted behaviour (Hudson and Macdonald, 1998 cited in Watson and West, 2006). The Antecedent what precedes the behaviour, The Behaviour in this case aggression and violence, and the Consequence What happens immediately after the violence i.e Is the behaviour being reinforced? Once all the assessment has been carried out and all the information gathered, the social worker and the service user (parents) must(prenominal) work together to plan a method of intervention which promotes a wanted behaviour, this will be a baseline for intervention (Watson and West, 2006)The next stage in the process of behavioural intervention is the implementation of the plan to change the unwanted behaviour. For this method to be effective it needs partnership of both parents and the social worker to establish roles, tasks and responsibilities (Howe, 1998). The main task for all involved is to develop appropriate strategies to implement within a certain era frame (Watson and West, 2006), which will enable the social worker to evaluate the process and respond by either changing the strategies or the method implemented. In the case study bathroom behaviour deteriorated after the new baby was born, so the strategies that could be implemented would involve activities and more contact with his mother, and the rest of the family. Consequences of his bad behaviour should be agreeable and happen immediately after an event (Watson and West, 2006). The main aim of Behavioural Intervention and Operant Conditioning is to focus on positive reinforcement rather than penalisation, this is to positively change behaviour and motivate Jake to complete goals (Watson and West, 2006).How Does Behavioural Intervention Meet the Needs of the Service User?Behavioura l Social Work is effective in meeting the needs of the service user as it is specific, simple and structured. It works in partnership with the parents and gives them an understanding into why their son behaves the way he does, and that Jakes behaviour is the problem and not Jake. Behavioural intervention is also cost effective and doesnt rely on financial help, therefore can be used immediately to help and support Jakes parents, as well as Jakes behaviour. One of the reasons why this method is widely used is because it is time limited this allows the social worker to assess if the method is effective and if it is not it can be easily altered or changed.This method is specifically relevant to the case study as Jakes behaviour is the problem, which has been learned through time. A positive to this is that it can be unlearned with the help of his parents. To avoid oppressive practice this has to be a method that includes Jake, both his parents and the Social Worker. This will ensure em powerment to Jakes parents a less likelihood of powerlessness over Jakes behaviour and a more effective outcome.Some of the negatives of this method if intervention is that it does not tackle the underlying problems to Jakes violence, but by using skills, values and knowledge the social worker can talk and support Jake to discover other underlying issues.Challenges working with this service userSome of the challenges I would face being a social worker for this case is helping Linda and Michael become more involved in changing Jakes behaviour. There is a new baby in the home and one other sibling besides Jake, and acquire time to respond to Jakes behaviour may be difficult. There is also no other social support outside the home and Linda is very stressed and at the end of her tether with Jake, so getting time to spend with Jake alone may also be complicated. Another problem is that Michael is already threatening about having Jake removed from the home as his behaviour is so bad, so Michaels patience to assess and implement a behavioural intervention may be limited. To resolve these challenges I would have to use skills such as empathy and active listening, as well as appropriate questioning to gain a full awareness of the situation. The next step would be to involve both parents in trying to understand that Jakes behaviour is a result of learning and can therefore be unlearned in time, to show both parents that I am there to help and support both them and Jake for the sake of the family.Some personal challenges I would face as the social worker is trying to understand what it must be like to have three children under the age of ten, and being at a crisis point with one of them. To be so stressed that your husband is threatening to put one of your children into care because of his behaviour towards the rest of the family. I cant help but feel how could anyone, through choice, want to put their child into care. Can things get that terrible that some parents cann ot see any way out rather than this? I couldnt help but think that Michael is saying this because he is Jakes step father and not biological father, but then, I do not have children and therefore have never had a child with behavioural difficulties. But I do understand what stress can do to a person, and how it can seem like there is no way out. I must challenge these stereotypical views on Michael and realise he has raised Jake from six years old, and probably knows a lot more about Jakes behaviour and the family dynamic than I do, as a Social Worker.ConclusionA behavioural method for Social Work was chosen for this case study. It enables the social worker and the service user to work in partnership which is fundamental for a behavioural method to succeed. It includes a step by step process with defined roles and responsibilities to alter behaviour. Operant Conditioning is mainly used as its emphasis is reinforcing positive behaviour, but with punishment which should be consistent and applied immediately. Behavioural Intervention provides the Social Worker with a method which can be implemented swiftly, but can also be evaluated after time for its effectiveness. This provides the social worker with the knowledge to alter a method or implement and new one. Values such as anti-oppressive practice and empowerment are vital to implement this method as they provide the service user with choice, roles and responsibilities. By challenging stereotypical views, a social worker can make informed decisions and support the service user effectively. Over all a behavioural intervention is used to alter behaviour, as it is the behaviour that is the problem, not the person.

Knit Media :: Free Essay Writer

Knit MediaRemember the days when a person would use up to wait in line for two days just to purchase U2 tickets? Remember the days of tapes and videos? Hey, lets get with the program, its now the twenty-first century, the information, technology age. All one has to do is flick on the computer, get on-line, type in www.knitmedia.com and one has opened the doors to the Entertainment Company of the 21st century. In the convenience of a persons home, one is able to download music, purchase a compact disc, and even download a performance. Michael Dorf, founder and chief executive officer of the Knitting Factory had this dream, and what almost seemed impossible has finally come too pass. This dream needed a group of managers to put it into action. According to Management leading(a) People and Organizations in the 21st Century by Gary Dessler, 21st century managing, is a concern approach to the rapidly changing business world that emphasizes responsiveness and effective leadershi p, (pp. 24-25). The Entertainment Industry is Infamous for the dynamic nature in the way business is conducted. The way a company reacts to trends in the melody Industry affect whether a company sinks or swims. Through expansion both here in the United States and abroad, Michael Dorf faces both challenges met and to be addressed. From examination of his management style, we can observe that this company, KnitMedia is swimming. Chapter One (pg. 30)Few industries are undergoing as much rapid change as music, entertainment, and Internet/new media-industries that KnitMedia is in. Compile a reheel of the trends (such as consolidation of the music companies) taking place today for which Michael and his colleagues will have to plan.Using WEB resources, make a list of the competitor in New York City for the Knitting Factory.Examples of some of these trends include the use of the Internet, the packaging of music, and clubs, which allow a person to experience the music in person.Accordin g to an member on the KnitMedia website, Dave Brenner, Vice President, New Media oversees the development and implementation of all Knit media online properties and is involved in all levels of technology including network infrastructure, e-commerce, application development and interface design. Thanks to Brenner one can easily access the knit media website and download music. In the past when a person hears a tune on the radio, he or she must hop into their car and drive to a music store.

Violence in the Media Essay -- Essays Papers

Violence in the MediaWhat defines the Roadrunner and prairie wolf cartoons so funny and memorable? Of course, the explosions, hits and falls the Coyote takes while in pursuit of the Roadrunner. Pediatrics, a pediatrician read magazine, wrote an article on the influence military unit, such as that in cartoons and other forms of media, has on children from ages 2-18 entitle Media Violence. Although recent school shootings brook prompted politicians and the general public to focus their attention on the influence of media violence, the medical community has been concerned with this issue since the 1950s, says American academy of Pediatrics, the author of the article in November of 2001. The article calls for a need for all pediatricians to take a stand on violence in the media and help to make sure their patients are not influenced negatively mentally or physically by violence in the media, using multiple statistics from many publications. Media Violence fails to be persuasiv e, however, due to its failure to show any evidence that its statistics are true.American children between 2 and 18 years of age spend an average of 6 hours and 32 minutes each day using media (television, commercial or self-recorded video, movies, video games, print, radio, recorded music, computer, and the Internet), claims the article citing the Kaiser Family Foundation Report in 1999. This helps to show that media is by all odds a major part of a childs life which would definitely help to make in an influence, but how does a child have time for all of this media usage between school and homework? Another statistic the author uses claims by the time a child is 18, he or she leave alone witness over 200,000 acts of violence on television alone, stated by a Un... ...ph of the section titled Influence. These are statistics of deaths among the pediatric population caused by homicide, felo-de-se and trauma. These statistics are believable and seem to be cold hard facts, but s till, even with sympathy for deaths among children, no facts are presented to show that any of these deaths had anything to do with violence in the media.With many scholarly authors, the argument is clear and well fought, but due to the lack of show of studies or reason behind statistics, the argument is abstracted believability and ends up coming across as having the same impact as saying that car accidents among women are caused by the increase of caffeine in a womans system over the last decade. It could be backed up with statistics of car accidents and evaluating of caffeine intake, but without connecting the two it is unbelievable, just identical this article.