Internal/External Factors Affecting Management Planning Essay

Internal/External Factors at Nationwide Insurance Nationwide Insurance has been serving their policyholders for 75 years. As with anything change is inevitable. Nationwide takes great satisfaction in the fact that the organization has been able to change with the times. Rapid changeNationwide Insurance is one of the largest and most competitive insurance companies in the market. Nationwide is so competitive because they do not limit the company to dealing with only insurance. Nationwide Insurance is a large organization that has a variety of businesses within the organization. There is a Nationwide Bank, Nationwide Financial, Nationwide Property and Casualty and Nationwide General Insurance Company to name a few. The Nationwide organization recognizes a need for providing the best service possible to the policyholders which in motivates the company to keep up with other items being offered by competitors. This is also a  driving factor in motivating the company to keep up with other items being offered by competitors. Nationwide has to be able to surpass what the competition is offering. The insurance business is an ever changing business. Laws can change from state to state and with no hesitation Nationwide has to be able to meet the guidelines determined by the law at any given time. TechnologyTechnology is constantly changes, which in turn is changing what Nationwide strives to achieve. Nationwide is amongst the leaders from a technological perspective. When the internet became the focus for advancing into new markets Nationwide realized that it did not matter if they could offer products on the internet if they could not track what the return on investment (ROI) would be to continue increasing the website functionality. What they did was create a ground breaking program/tool they refer to as the data warehouse. This program would allow them to â€Å"†¦ measure Web success and produce an ROI; calculate operational savings; determine the success of online and offline advertising that directs traffic to nationwideinsurance.com; track the popularity of different online programs and projects† (Carpenter, 2003,  ¶ 2). This tool offered Nationwide information and statistics that no other insurance company had the technology to monitor. Other insurance companies were able to create quoting but were only able to use it in a small number of markets. They were hesitant whether it would be beneficial (Carpenter, 2003). Nationwide does not have to question the value of their online offers because they are able to produce the statistics to guide them in making the right decisions. Technology combined with innovation is how companies get the leading edge over their competitors. How important is technology? One example from the article the Info Tech 100 is the company Motorola. They were ranked 11th last year on the Tech 100 list and dropped off this year. During 2006 they had tremendous success with their razor phones and had a new phone on the market that everyone wanted. There was nothing to follow the success of the razor, Motorola’s technology feel behind, and they were not making more advanced phones available. The other phone carriers were selling more cutting edge phones for a lower price. Not keeping up with the changing  technology can have a significant impact on any organization (Ante et al. 2007). Innovation†Insurance might not automatically strike some as an information technology industry – selling and administering policies aren’t obviously technical pursuits† (Maagolis, 2007). It is difficult to imagine how insurance relates to innovation. But innovation is what keeps Nationwide ahead in the insurance industry. It is simple to find something that works and want to continue to use it. But Nationwide realizes it is not realistic, if they are not making changes they are falling behind their competitors. As an example, the computer systems being utilize have to be able to keep up with the constant change. What this means to Nationwide is that we have to be thinking ahead. Nationwide employs 6000 associates specifically in the Information Technology field (Maagolis, 2007). Nationwide is a company that has been around for over 70 years. They are constantly assessing what changes need to be made and what is the most efficient approach to making the updates. It is a massive task taking an organization that is working on outdated legacy systems and getting on the right platform. This is why Nationwide has to innovative as they are making modifications for systems they want to do it right so it will be advanced enough that they won’t have to make changes again next year. Nationwide was awarded the technology innovation award in 2006 for the data warehouse program explained earlier. This was ground breaking, it is one place that collects data from the entire enterprise and put it in one database (DSS Resources, 2006). Every organization needs to continue to develop and implement changes that give them the competitive advantage. Internal/External Factors at GTECH Corporation GTECH Corporation is a technology company whose core business is the lottery. There are many internal and external factors that impact the four functions of management; one important factor that GTECH has a very strong hold on is business ethics. Ethics GTECH Corporation (2007) goes as far as to advertise their Code of Conduct on their web site so that it is visible to customers, applicants and  employees. The website states, â€Å"The Company conducts its business in an ethical manner, with integrity, trust, respect, and fair dealing. These values should govern our conduct in every decision we make† (Corporate Governance, 2007). Zablow (2006, p. 26) states â€Å"Foremost in the creation of an ethical culture is the personal integrity of organization leadership, which is essential for creating and sustaining an effective and value-based â€Å"tone from the top.† It has often been said that a deterrent to unethical behavior is ethical leadership†. GTECH trains each newly hired employee on their Code of Conduct as part of the new hire orientation; employees also watch a video message from the President of the company so that they understand that ethics does start at the top of the organization. Zablow (2006) also reports that each level of employee should be trained on the business ethics of the facility and would be beneficial to hear this message from a CEO. GTECH also has an annual recertification, where each and every employee is required to be re-trained on the policy and even take an assessment to ensure that they understood the expectations and training. Unethical behavior can have a very negative impact on business and management functions, so ensuring that ethics is valued is a job of everyone in the organization. Diversity Embracing diversity is something that GTECH has certainly come accustomed to. They are a global company who is a wholly owned subsidiary of an Italian Corporation. They are familiar with adapting to change and embracing ideas that are different from the way that things are done. GTECH has even adopted a leadership program called Global Leadership Development where a select group of employees from all different backgrounds come together as a team and learn best practices and best ways to do things; many times a diverse approach is adopted. Ewing (2007, p. 70) states â€Å"†¦.a diversity statement on the company’s Web site is nice, but meaningless†¦ Companies need to invest time and resources to support diversity through formal training, team coaching and individual mentorship†. This is certainly the approach that GTECH is making, this program, even though designed for twenty employees per year costs the company hundreds of thousands of dollars. This is not a ba d investment for the value of diversity. TechnologyTechnology is important to any organization; however one that calls them a technology company, this factor even holds greater value. The gaming marketplace is one of a very competitive nature and winning a contract does not always boil down to price; it comes down to innovation and technology. GTECH has been the leader in this industry for sometime, however the technology has not changed much in the past years, and the company realized this. GTECH knows and understand in order to stay on top they products that they sell must be better than they rest, their technology has to shine, the competition is always trying to find ways to be better and they have to do that too. This year they created â€Å"Innovation week† this is when the Chief Technology Officer pushed an initiative to engage employees to gather new ideas. That will help GTECH’s revenue grow as well as provide GTECH with a competitive edge and diversity the core business. This program was launched in June and had over twelve hundred ideas from employees. This response is overwhelming but some wonderful technological ideas have come from this practice. Technology is always changing and to stand above the competition and be the leader in the industry senior leaders and managers from every angle must listen to ideas to keep GTECH’s product the best of the best. Internal/External Factors at United Parcel Services GlobalizationUnited Parcel Service has customers all around the globe. Expanding and keeping a global atmosphere is a necessity for a company this large. Globalization is key when marketing and working with customers around the globe. Constantine E. Passaris (2006, pg.3), writes, â€Å"The new global economy of the 21st Century has transformed the economic, social, educational, and political landscape in a profound and indelible manner. Never before in human history has the pace of structural change been more pervasive, rapid, and global in its context.† The economy, not only businesses are constantly expanding and utilizing outer areas to make profit. UPS does this also, by having one of the largest shipping areas in the world; it can reach all areas of the world quickly. UPS provides fast, reliable service for customers around the globe. Managers and employees are constantly finding ways to get things done faster and better than the competitor. Technology Technology makes the success of globalization happen. Without new technological innovations UPS would not expand. Companies depend on the newest and latest gadgets to help serve customers in a fast and timely manner. UPS wants happy customers and to provide fast service to the ever expanding market. With computer technology packages get delivered fast and are guaranteed. This is done through a tracking system that managers monitor daily and can find any package with a tracking number anywhere. For this tracking system to be successful many parts of the four functions of management are essential. Good planning has to be in order, along with clear instructions. Employees need to be aware of what is happening on a daily basis and need to know if changes are to occur. Managers must communicate with employees and show some flexibility when needed. Management teams must conduct meetings that include all members participating in these tasks. Managers should show initiative in further expand ing their education and skills to help service the company. Constantine E. Passaris (2006, pg. 3), also states â€Å"Life long learning and the continuous upgrading of skills as well as the structural reorganization of the work place have become essential parameters of a country’s contemporary economic profile. The knowledge based economy is fuelled by technology, human capital, and research and development which contribute to accelerating levels of productivity and economic performance†Rapid ChangeWhen companies base their profits on technology, managers and employees need to show interest in higher education to keep up with constant changes occurring. Jennifer Schramm (2006, pg. 160) wrote an article discussing the constant changing technological advances in companies today. She states, â€Å"The rapid turnover of technological knowledge could require that employee education be embedded in everyday working life. It could also lead to skills shortages as fewer and fewer individuals prove capable of managing increasingly complex technologies† employee education is a necessity to keep up with all the changes that are constantly happening in today’s companies. Ideas are rapidly changing; it is difficult to keep up. UPS is also constantly changing, exploring, inventing and finding ways to better serve its customers and employees. Internal and External Factors at US AirwaysUS Airways Airline have a large  amount of diversity, because is a national and international company, with a large group of workers who come from different background. The difference in ethnicity, gender and nationality. When different people interact with each other it reduces the importance of superficial and increases the importance of diversity for how their team functions. DiversityAt US Airways they make individuals feel at home, they all share their diverse knowledge with each other. When they share with a team the task has a bit of everyone ideas and each idea come from different culture, everyone think different, it could be because of where they come from, but as long as the multicultural ideas are effective and work for the company, there are no worries. Its diverse group of talented people is the most powerful force driving the corporation. US Airways recognized it cannot succeed by excluding any potential valuable employee. EthicsUS Airways never denied employment to anyone, because of their nationality, language or any other reason. At US Airways people from all over the world treat each other with respect, the same way as the agents treat their passengers, regardless of their nationality or sex. Lots of Managers and directors believe in different life style, and those who don’t once they start working at US Airways they become part of the team. â€Å"I make us fly†. At work sometimes they find themselves too comfortable and they might speak their native language without realizing that there are others around that feel uncomfortable due to the fact that their unable to understand the conversation. At their work place they work as a team. TechnologyTechnology is a lot easier, at US Airways it eliminates a lot of manual work done by employees in a whole. Payroll used to be done manually; employees were responsible for submitting a time sheet every two weeks now instead is done electronically on a daily basis. Their time clocks have also been updated to a more modern one. The schedules for all employees were usually generated manually know is also done by computer, technology have upgrade since 1998, US Airways update their system every year. Up until 2006 US Airways did not have a windows program in their system, or internet  access. Internal/External Factors at the City of TustinE-BusinessBusiness that is carried out electronically over the World Wide Web (www) is called E-Business. Internet companies benefited from this new rage that started over seven years ago because of the services that they provided. E-Business helps to conduct fast and easy access to purchase products and converse with people as a form of communication. This allows companies to converse globally without need of worrying about the different time zones, languages, or different currencies. The communication factor is quick and efficient, and most people are dependant on the rapid responses to inquiries. Experts in information technology and ethics have separated categories of organization to add to the Web into e-business structures; â€Å"(1) organizations that have a passive presence online and focus on online advertising, (2) organizations that use the Web to improve operations, and (3) organizations that create stand-alone transaction sites as their main or only business (Berkshire, 2004.)† Have companies become too reliant on these types of services? The internet has allowed the City of Tustin to change their form of communication and have relied on the fact that the economy is competitive, changed strategies of planning, and require the capability of performing tasks in a timely manner. TechnologyTechnology transports computer graphic tools that allow users to utilize anything from telephones, cable, internet, iPods, copiers, fax machines, and much more. Technology progression produces new goods, advanced inventions, and other ways for companies to manage and communicate amongst fellow patrons and co-workers. Technology evolves every eighteen months, so companies have to remain competitive in the market especially with new industries. For example, the arrival of new computers produced a large industry that enabled companies to create new positions. While others created advances to move ahead for a competitive edge. These advances allow companies to market themselves globally, which was not so readily available to them in the past. New technologies permit production, management, and communication skills that were available in the past. For example teleconferencing, audio web-casting, and cell phones have become more  utilized today than ever before. Companies somet imes do not realize the fast impact technology has on their day-to-day business and the long term affects. Technology is slowly but surely taking over businesses to cut back time and money. Technology is not always reliable. Companies tend to hire information technology (IT) personal to respond to internet computer related errors. This will protect the name of the organization and to help communicate with outside sources. IT technicians will be able to observe and react to computer related problems, such as spam or dropped connections. â€Å"Computers, communications devices and other information technology hardware can be deployed to perform routine accounting, record keeping and order processing functions cheaply and efficiently (Collins, 2006.)† Additionally, these indispensable data-processing tasks have allowed organizations to accumulate more information than what could be previously handled and are subject it to more detailed analysis. Rapid Change The rate of change in today’s world is constantly changing due to a consumer- driven economy; such as globalization, technology, and innovation. Organizations will soon have to adapt to the shifting economy, which will enable management to change their supervision skills. Motivational and leadership tasks have to evolve inspiration, resistance, and participation between co-workers to administer clarification of what is to be done. Understanding change determines response to external change and anticipating the change. It also involves opportunities while adapting to change. Change also involves introduction to new products and services to create new capabilities within the industry. If management needs to change effectively, they need to understand employee behavior, technology changes, and the economy. Internal/External Factors at TD Banknorth TD Banknorth is one of the largest banks in the New England area. â€Å"At June 30, 2006, TD Banknorth had over $40 billion of total consolidated assets and provided financial services to more than 1.5 million households in the Northeast. TD Banknorth’s banking subsidiary, TD Banknorth, N.A., operates banking divisions in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont.† (TD Banknorth 2007) All of TD Banknorth’s accomplishment has been  found in the effective management strategy of its senior executives. The company went from being on the verge of bankruptcy to becoming the enormous success that it is today. TD Banknorth continues to train its managers to handle a variety of issues such as diversity, rapid change and ethics in hopes of continuing its upward trend and becoming a leading contender in the banking industry. DiversityMost managers who work in large corporations in the United States are facing the differences that are associated with an ethically diverse workforce. TD Banknorth is one of those companies. There has been an increase in the number of training courses designed to help managers work with people who are from foreign nations or people from different age groups. The training courses were implemented as part of TD Banknorth’s goal of being a good employer. Managers take advantage of these training courses because they understand that in order to be a good manager, they have to be able to communicate with all of their employees. Good communication enables a manager to organize their staff and maximize the resources available to the company. Diversity in the American workplace is a growing trend. â€Å"In the survey, conducted by global management consulting firm Accenture, U.S. companies were found to be top targets for mergers and acquisitions. Regardless of whether they i ntend to expand into overseas markets, U.S. companies are sure to feel the effects of globalization as their colleagues and clients become more internationally diverse.† (Frase 2007) Rapid Change Rapid change is a self-explanatory term and learning to cope with it is part of a manager’s job. At TD Banknorth, one of the rapid change issues that managers are faced with is a high turnover rate among their tellers. This is difficult for a manager because the tellers are the face of the company. They interact and provide services for most of the customers that come into the bank. Managers at TD Banknorth have learned that cross-training is an aspect of their job that enables them to lead their staff in the absence of a full staff. There might be times when a manager has to fill in for another member of the staff such as a teller. Even though filling in for a teller might not be part of a manager’s job description, it is a sign of a good leader. When a manager’s staff sees that the manager is willing to do any job, it inspires them to branch out and work together to  get the job done even if that means doing things that may not be specified in their job descr iptions. Good leadership like this will only serve to elevate the manager and the company that he or she works for. Ethics Managers at TD Banknorth take the lead in upholding the high ethical standards of the company. â€Å"Unethical behavior can cause enormous damage to an organization’s reputation and employee morale, resulting in loss of revenue and even organizational decline.† (Len & Igor, 2007) The managers are responsible for their staff in the sense that they need to lead by example. There is no room for any violation of the company’s policies and procedures. ConclusionManagers are like the rudder that steers a ship. These individuals guide a corporation in what they hope to be the right direction. Without this guide, a company has no chance of achieving success. It is an invaluable position that needs to be taken seriously. All of the dimensions that make up a good manager such as planning, organizing, leading and controlling are intertwined and should be used faithfully and without hesitation. The result will be a successful career and a competent staff. References Ante, S., Ewing, J., Greene,J., Burrows, P., Hof, R. (2007, July). Business Week. Issue 4041, p63-76, Retrieved July 18, 2007 from EbscoHost. Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction. (2004). E-Business. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from http:www.credoreference.com/entry.jsp?xrefid=5015213&secid=.2.-Carpenter, T. (2003, May). Nationwide Uses Analytics, Metrics to hone Internet Delivery Strategies. Insurance and Technology. Retrieved July 9, 2007 from http://www.insurancetech.com/story/news/IST20030521S0002Celebrating Diversity Vol.54 issue 6, Retrieved on July 16, 2007 From EbscoHostCollins Dictionary of Business. (2006). Information Management. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/5923253DSS Resources (2006). Nationwide Insurance recognized for technology innovation. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from http://dssresources.com/news/1686.phpEthics in OR/MS: Past, Present and Future Retrieved July 16, 2007 From http://proquest .umi.com/pdqweb?did=1284822821&sid=3&fmt=2&clientld=2606&rqt=309&vname=pqd. Ewing, L. (2007). Embracing Diversity. Best’s Review 108 (2), 70 – 70. Retrieved on July 9, 2007 from EbscoHost. Frase, Martha. (2007). Show All Employees A Wider World. HR Magazine, 52(6), 98-102. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from the following web site: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1288102041&Fmt=4&clientId=2606&RQT=309&VName=PQDGTECH Corporation. (2007). Corporate governance. Retrieved on June 12, 2007 from http://www.gtech.com/media/corporate_governance.asp?persist=7EADCAC714FD4DE2AD242A433C634DAKarakowsky, L., Kotlyar, I., Grant, R. (2007). Corruption-proofing the workplace: 3 questions every HR professional must ask. Canadian HR Reporter, 20(11), 19. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1295283601&Fmt=3&clientId=2606&RQT=309&VName=PQDMaagolis, D. (2007, July). Nationwide: Insurance as an Information Industry. Certification Magazine. 9 (7), 30-39. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from Ebscohost database. Passaris, C.E. (2006). The Business of Globalization and the Globalization of Business. Journal of Comparative International Management, 9(1), 3-19. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from Business and Company Resource database. Schramm, J. (2006). Quick Change. HR Magazine, 51(10), 160-160. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from Business Source Complete database. TD Banknorth Announces Succession Plan – Bharat Masrani to Assume Role as CEO Effective March 1, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2007 from the following web site: http://www.tdbanknorth.com/investorrelations/newsreleasesId.aspx?ReleaseID=919630Zablow, R. (2006). Creating and Sustaining an Ethical Workplace. Risk Management 53 (9), 26 – 30. Retrieved on July 7, 2007 from EbscoHost.

Some Beneficial Features of the Unix Operating System

Some Beneficial Features of the UNIX Operating System CIS 155 Some Beneficial Features of the UNIX Operating System Safety issues have always been one of the major aspects of effective operation of human beings and systems invented and implemented by individuals all over the world in different periods of human history. The rise of the personal computer in the market is another potential threat; nowadays this threat comes from the internet through computers and other devices.As stated in the study by Garfinkel, Spafford, and Schwartz (2011), â€Å"in today’s world of international networks and electronic commerce, every computer system is a potential target† (p. 3). Computers and servers store information that can be damaged or retrieved by hackers that are not interested in keeping the operating system safe and sound. As such, the UNIX operating system can be considered one of the safest for your network activities with a minimum threat to your operating system and the computer in general. Benefits of the UNIX Operating SystemThere are many benefits of the UNIX operating system when viewed independently or in comparison with other operating systems. It is natural that UNIX has supporters and those who oppose the use and benefits of this OS. Nevertheless, everything depends on the purposes for which the operating system is installed and the activities for which it operates. In other words, the scope of commands makes UNIX one of the cheapest and compatible operating systems on the market (Afzal, 2008). With the option of being installed on any type of hardware regardless of the brand and price, UNIX is a viable option for any information technology professional.In addition, it is important to mention that UNIX became the basis for other operating systems generally referred to as the UNIX-like ones as they use UNIX codes and are rather competitive compared to non-UNIX-like systems (Afzal, 2008). Simplicity and Origins The UNIX operating system becam e one of the first attempts of the information technology age to make the computer popular among average users. The contribution was made in the form of this beneficial operating system that helps people all over the world get access to the internet and surf the web for hours without being under threat of getting a virus or damage to software.It is simple and user-friendly compared to other operating systems. One of the examples of simplicity in UNIX is the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), â€Å"an Internet standard for transferring electronic mail between computers [implemented by UNIX] with programs or systems called Message Transfer Agents† (Garfinkel, Spafford, and Schwartz, 2011, p. 347). The overall simplicity of the UNIX operating system can be traced in all its utility programs and other supportive agents that help the system to operate effectively without application of complicated schemes and codes.In other words, the simplicity of the system makes it attractiv e for programmers and people working with codes and programs to be written (Afzal, 2008). So, simplicity, toolbox, democratic approach, flexibility and stability, as well as virtual memory and cheap hardware are the basis for making this operating system an attractive solution for people that need a good and reliable OS for their personal or professional purposes. Open Standards and Portability The open standards and cross-platform portability of the UNIX operating system is another great beneficial feature of this operating system.As stated in the study by Liu, Yue, and Guo (2011), â€Å"since most of the networking protocols were initially implemented on UNIX and most of the Internet services are provided by server processes running on the UNIX operating system, UNIX has a fundamental and profound influence on computer networking† (p. 316). The impact of UNIX on the development of other operating systems and the overall progress of information technology so far has been und eniable. However, it is necessary to emphasize the applicability of this operating system to a small number of computers due to the users’ preferences.Different types of machines can be considered valid for the UNIX operating system, because it is treated as highly portable. Various computing machines can host UNIX, which would be only advantageous for them. The UNIX operating system was not coined for the expensive machines with the hardware changing every six months or less and upgrades available for even higher prices. Its flexibility and cross-platform portability make it an integral part of the democratic approach used by the creators of the operating system. Main-frame and micro-computers can benefit from the UNIX operating system and all its features (Afzal, 2008).Stability of the operating system is another beneficial feature that can be treated as a competitive advantage compared to other systems, such as Windows, with regard to maintenance and related procedures. Se curity features as well as processing power can also be treated as beneficial features of the UNIX operating system, especially when compared to other operating systems. Prerequisite software is something pertaining to all operating systems except the UNIX operating system, because it does not require additional upgrades in terms of hardware and software being absolutely cheap in maintenance and administration (Afzal, 2008).Besides, users can use UNIX on the cheapest and simplest hardware regardless of the brand. Most effective operating systems operate on the codes designed and introduced to the market by AT&T that created UNIX and contributed positively to the development of personal computers. The UNIX operating system is aimed at solving problems in the field of information technology: It uses simple tools, agents, and codes that are free of charge and helps the users operate effectively and safely on this basis (Afzal, 2008).Application programs compared to the simple tools by UNIX are too complicated to be beneficial for users and the overall effective performance of the system. The memory of the UNIX system is protected and considered to be as secure as the overall operating system and the number of programs that can be launched with no threat or compromise to other running programs in the same instance (Afzal, 2008). The benefits of the virtual memory should be described in another section, whereas it is necessary to mention that UNIX security, customization, and controls options make users select this operating program out of dozens of other existing ones.Open standards enable the UNIX operating system to share its codes and achievements with the users and other developers. As stated in the study by Raymond (2004), â€Å"Unix is still the only operating system that can present a consistent, documented application programming interface (API) across a heterogeneous mix of computers, vendors, and special-purpose hardware† (p. 8). Moreover, no othe r operating system can compare to its applicability and open standards as well as its cross-platform portability.Along with all other advantages of this OS, open standards attract more users that can value the portability of UNIX and its simplicity. Virtual Memory, Toolbox, and Customization The benefits of the UNIX operating system are numerous with the virtual memory and customization options as well as the authorization procedures and the general security of it all. So, the virtual memory of the UNIX operating system is on the high level: Low or medium levels of physical memory cannot compromise the virtual memory of the operating system (Afzal, 2008).So, users can launch many programs at once with no threat to the performance of the UNIX OS. The resources of the system are capable of running many programs being active which will not make the work of the entire system less effective. In other words, more complicated and proficient tasks can be performed with the help of other com mands and utility programs combined in the framework of UNIX (Afzal, 2008). Files are unified to make the operation of UNIX more efficient in terms of times needed to respond to commands and costs necessary to upgrade the overall system.As such, all types of data and devices are identified by UNIX as files, making it better and more appropriate for different purposes. Access to the computer is reached only via application of valid passwords and keys that are aimed at making UNIX rather protected and security-based (Afzal, 2008). Authentication is another tool that helps the system to operate effectively. Accounts and their owners are subject to the owner of the personal computer with the UNIX operating system to decide whether he or she wants anyone else to use the computer or not.The toolbox is designed in a way that makes the operations fast and efficient. Utility programs and commands are used to perform specific tasks; so, they are created for very particular purposes. This appr oach is contrasted to the one when commands and utilities serve for a variety of complicated tasks rather than simple ones. In other words, the UNIX operating system can be referred to as a box with all necessary tools that carry out their tasks in a corresponding manner (Afzal, 2008). Customization enables the users to adjust the system to their needs and purposes without being designed for particular settings and menus.As such, a user owning the UNIX operating system can change the options and settings unlike the user of other operating systems with pre-configured settings. Overall, the UNIX operating system is used all over the world due to the approach selected by its developers: they made it a free-access tool that can be used by any individual that has a personal computer and needs an operating system. Main-frame computers and mini-models of personal PCs can operate on UNIX without visible or invisible threats to their effectiveness. It can be used on different platforms regar dless of their origin and compatibility.UNIX is a well-documented system with everything stocked within that a user would need. References Afzal, A. (2008). CIS155: UNIX Operating System: Custom edition (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/Pearson Custom Publishing. Garfinkel, S. , Spafford, G. , & Schwartz, A. (2011). Practical UNIX and internet security (3rd ed. ). Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Medis, Inc. Liu, Y. , Yue, Y. , & Guo, L. (2011). UNIX operating system. Beijing: Springer. Raymond, E. S. (2004). The art of UNIX programming. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Professional.

Marketing Segmentation for Nescafe Essay

4.1 Market Segmentation NESCAFE’s customer’s bases are comprised of following target groups. †¢Local residents †¢Local business people †¢Students †¢Travelers passing through These groups are potentially strong customer segments. The benefit of this customer segmentation is that it helps to maintain consistentency in business throughout the year. The customer segments provide a consistent foundation of all years long. Also by appealing several market segments, NESCAFE does not become overly dependent on any single consumer group. 4.2 Target Market Segments strategy Overall, our strategy is to maintain a constantly high customer count by leveraging our appeal to groups of customers. Local residents Approximately 200,000 people live within our NESCAFE location. The most affluent of these live even closer, within three miles. Excellent Parking is available for our customers, local customers from the loyal core of our business. Local Business Much of the employee parking is out of the immediate area with shuttle service to downtown, most people stay near their place of employment during breakfast, lunch and after work relaxing. A significant number of these local business people find coffeeholics an inviting and convenient destination. Students In Hyderabad there are many universities as well as dozen of school, and colleges including many private centers. So students love to come at NESCAFEto enjoy with their friends in clean environment with best cup of  coffee or cold coffee and their favorite snacks. Travelers passing through The travelers passing through Hyderabad they will tired in journey or get tired after journey they can easily relax in the environment of NESCAFEand enjoy their coffee or tea or have some snacks. 4.4 Competitive advantage Our competitive, compared to other coffee shop in Hyderabad includes: The significantly higher quality, better tasting products.  The only coffee cafà © which provide best products in reasonable price.

Assignment of Applied Linguistics

Teaching is that profession where the success of the teachers depends on the ability of the students. As we know that every good teacher knows that all students do not learn in the same way every student learns at different speed and reacts differently. So, teacher should be focused on, that every student gets a chance to learn and for that, teacher should be creative in using different kinds of teaching method. They have to choose a suitable method to convey the knowledge because they will find different situation and different students in the class. Generally, students would not be able to believe that they could be successful in learning language. This lack of motivation has made students do not have confidence to speak in the target language because they do not want to make any mistake. Moreover, they find difficulties to recollect the previous lesson, such us memorizing the new vocabularies. This situation encourages teacher to be creative and to use an effective method on teaching. In addition, students have different type of learning style. They learn through their own learning styles which are visual, auditory style. Those who are visual learn trough seeing and they need to see the teacher’s body language and learn best from visual displays. Then, those who are auditory learn through listening and they learn best through verbal lectures, discussions, talking things through, and listening to what others have to say Teacher should choose appropriate method of teaching different for types of students, to motivate students, and to increase students memorizing ability. Suggestopedia and Silent Way is one of those methods that can be used by teachers. Silent Way Method: The Silent Way is the name of a method of language teaching devised by Caleb Gattegno. The very name Silent Way highlights the fact that it is based on the idea that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible. To let the teacher concentrate on what the students say and how they are saying it, drawing their attention to the differences in pronunciation and the flow of words. The significance of this method is that the learner eventually discovers what ability he has, which he has not yet had an opportunity to discover. The three basic tenets of the approach are Learning make possible if the learner discover rather than remembers or repeats In it the teacher and the learner work cooperatively to reach the educational desired goals. The learner is not a bench bound listener but an active contributor to the learning process. Learning is helped by physical objects The Silent Way uses colorful charts and rods (cuisinere rods) which are of varying length. They are used to introduce vocabulary (colors, numbers, adjectives, verbs) and syntax (tense, comparatives, plurals, word order). For example: teacher has introduced the idea of pronouns as in â€Å"Give me a green rod†. The class will then use this structure until it is clearly absorbed, using all the other colors. One member of the class would now like to ask another to pass a rod to a third student but she does not know the word â€Å"her†, only that it cannot be â€Å"me†. At this point the teacher would interfere and supply the new item: â€Å"Give her the green rod† and the learner will continue until the next new item is needed (probably â€Å"him†). Problem-solving is central to learning. This can be summarized by Benjamin Franklin’s words: Tell me and I forget Teach me and I remember Involve me and I learn† A good silent way learner is a good problem solver. The teacher’s role exist in only in giving minimum repetitions and correction, remaining silent most of the times, leaving the learner struggling to solve problems about the language and get a grasp of its mechanism. Suggestopedia Method: The term Suggestopedia, derived from suggestion and pedagogy. This term is developed in the 1970’s by Bulgarian psychologist and educator, George Lazanov. Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern nderstanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most effectively. Lazanov argued that learners have difficulties in acquiring English as the second language because they do no want to make any mistake. When the learners are in this situation, their heart and blood pressure raise. He believes that there is a mental block in the learners’ brain. This filter blocks the input, so the learners have difficulties to acquire language caused by their fear. Music was central to his method. Music helps the students to reach a certain state of relaxation, in which the interest is increased. Moreover, it involves emotional meaning in given the lesson which help students better in memorizing. There are two types of suggestions first one is direct and second is indirect suggestion. The students learn English not only from direct instruction but also from indirect instruction. DIRECT: Direct suggestions are directed to conscious processes i. e. orally by the teacher, and/or by text materials. INDIRECT: Indirect suggestion is largely unconsciously perceived. In the teaching learning process, students who make mistakes are tolerated, for example in pronouncing the word. The stress is on the content not the structure. Grammar and vocabularies are presented and given treatment from the teachers, but not dwelt on. Homework is limited in this method Techniques: Suggestopedia: Classroom set-up, that is, the teacher provides as peaceful and relaxed an environment as possible. The classroom is provided with dim lights, soft music; soften armchairs, and walls decorated in order to make the students’ mind more relaxed. Silent Way In the class, the teacher uses rods which consist of ten brightly colored wooden blocks of different length, a word chart, a phonic chart, drawings, Worksheets and books. Colored charts are used in the first phase a practice pronouncing sounds and then the rods are used to practice saying words and numerals in the second phase. In the third phase, the rods are used to practice speaking. The teacher says as few words as possible, but uses more gesture and charts. The constant visual exposure to these rods and charts is the vital part of the techniques. The principle of the methods is that teaching should be subordinate to learning and the teacher’s role is to help the students to acquire the language more than just learning it. Advantages and Disadvantages of suggestopedia: -The first advantage of using suggestopedia for teaching English is that suggestopedia method use music during the process of learning. 2-The second advantage of using suggestopedia methods in teaching English is that suggestopedia methods have different class setting which make the students relax during the learning process. 3- Suggestopedia methods also decorate the class with posters or something which can make students’ mind relax, such as by putting flowers or aquarium in the corner of the class. By using poster, the students will always learn even when they just look around the classroom. -Beside the advantage, using music during the learning process also has disadvantages for some people who cannot study in the noisy class, it is difficult for them to divide their mind into two sides, to the music and to the lesson. 5-Another disadvantage is that suggestopedia method will be difficult to be practiced in the development country such as Indonesia. As we know that in Indonesia there are at least 30 – 40 students who fill in the one class. The teacher will be difficult to control them one by one. In conclusion, there are some advantages and disadvantages of using suggestopedia methods. As a good teacher we have to know what methods that appropriate for our students. Therefore before we choose a teaching method we have to consider its advantages and disadvantages. Suggestopedia is a good method for teaching, because the memorization can be done 25 times faster than the conventional method. But, there are also disadvantages of using it. So, we should be wise when we have to choose the method that we will use for our students. Advantages and Disadvantages of silent way: 1-This method foster cooperative learning between individuals. -It embodies a new approach to education in general, a respect for the individual and an awareness of the individual’s extraordinary cognitive powers. 3-This method can be benefited by the teacher only in small groups of students. The teacher can gain ability in this method by trying. The teacher is expected to enhance the materials on his/her own. 4-For some teachers the strictness of the system (no repetitions by the teacher, no an swers by the teacher etc. ) may be meaningless. 5-Language is separated from its social context and taught through artificial situations usually by rods. -How such a method would in the average classroom situation or how successfully it might be used at more advanced levels is a question mark left in our minds. 7- It would seem necessary for a teacher to gain a good deal of training and skill in order to apply the Silent Way to the teaching of a total grammar in all its complexity, if such a broad application is, in fact, possible 8-The Silent Way is often criticized of being a harsh method. The learner works in isolation and communication is lacking badly in a Silent Way classroom. 9-With minimum help on the part of the teacher, the Silent Way method may put the learning itself at risk. 0-The material (the rods and the charts) used in this method will certainly fail to introduce all aspects of language. Other materials will have to be introduced. Principles and Characteristic of silent way: 1. Errors: Are indispensable and natural part of the learning process. Self-correction and peer-correction are emphasized. The teacher corrects the language only as a last resort. 2. Repetition: Consumes time and encourages the scattered mind to remain scattered. If the teacher avoids repetition strictly, this will force alertness and concentration on the part of the learners. By this way the efficiency in learning will be increased and the time will be saved for further learning. This principle is against ALM. 3. Students native language: Native language can be used to give instructions when necessary. Also native language can be used during the feedback sessions (at least for beginner levels). If the native language is not very essential then it is avoided. 4. Evaluation: Although the teacher does not have to give a formal test, s/he assesses student learning all the time. One criterion of whether or not students have learned is their ability to transfer what they have been studying to new contexts. The principles of suggestopedia: 1. The first principle is that people are able to learn at rates many times greater that what we commonly assume to be limits of human performance. 2. The second principle is that learning is global; it involves the entire person. 3. The third principle is that people learn either consciously or unconsciously or both, either rationally or irrationally or both. Lazanov method is thought to be more concerned with irrational and unconscious processes. The concept of unconsciousness; comprises numerous unconscious forms such as associating and coding.

Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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